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Applications of Minimally Invasive Surgery
Today minimally invasive techniques are widely adopted in surgeries of most disciplines with satisfactory outcomes. They include*:

• Laparoscopic Operations
• Endoscopic Treatment
• Gynaecological Operations
• Interventional Cardiology
• Interventional Radiology (assisted by MRI, CT or Ultrasound)
• Orthopaedic Operations
• Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• Thoracic Operations
• Urological Operations

Laparoscopic Operations:
• Cholecystectomy	• Hernia repair
• Appendicectomy	• Colorectal resection
• Gastric operation	• Splenectomy
• Nissen fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
• Gastric band for weight reduction
• Varicose vein operation
• Rectopexy for rectal prolapse

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Endoscopic Treatment of:
• Oesophageal variceal bleeding
• Peptic ulcer complications
• Benign and malignant stenosis
• Mucosal resection of early tumours
• Colonoscopic diagnosis of colonic lesions
• Removal of colonic polyps

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Gynaecological Operations:
• Ovarian cystectomy
• Ooporectomy in the management of ovarian cyst
• Salpingectomy or salpingotomy in the management of tubal pregnancy
• Hyrosalpinx
• Myomectomy in the management of fibroids
• Hysterectomy in form of total laparoscopic hysterectomy or subtotal laparoscopic hysterectomy or LAVH   (laporoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy)
• Management of endometriosis
• Management of adhesions

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Interventional Cardiology
• Balloon angioplasty and stenting (PTCAS & PTCS)

Interventional Radiology (assisted by MRI, CT or Ultrasound)
• Embolization
• Radiofrequency ablation

Orthopaedic Operations:
• Arthroscopy and related procedures
• Microendoscopic disectomy for prolapsed intervertebral disc of lumbar spine
• Minimally invasive total hip replacement

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery:
• Endoscopic forehead lift
• Endoscopic breast augmentation
• Video assisted abdominoplasty

Thoracic Operations:
• Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VAT)
• Sympathectomy for hyperhydrosis
• Pleurodesis for pneumothorax
• Lung resection

Urological Operations:
• New bladder reconstruction after bladder cancer operation
• Surgical resection of post-chemotherapy residual retroperitoneal testicular cancer
• Joining of the vas and the epididymal tubules

*This list is far from being exhaustive. For more information, please refer to the websites of respective centres/departments.

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